By 
Our forests are dotted with historical fire towers that stand as silent sentinels—and memorable destinations.
This story was originally published in the October 2024 issue of Wonderful West Virginia. To subscribe, visit wonderfulwv.com.
Written by Mason Jack
Photographed by West Virginia Department of Commerce
As America industrialized and grew in the 19th and early 20th centuries, wildfires became a growing threat. The devastating fires of 1910 in the American West, known as the Big Blowup, were a turning point. Severe drought conditions and hurricane-force winds fueled a massive conflagration that burned 3 million acres across Idaho, Montana, Washington, and parts of Canada. This disaster, which claimed the lives of more than 80 people, highlighted the urgent need for better wildfire detection and prevention methods.
In response, the U.S. Forest Service planned a network of strategically located watchtowers to spot forest fires and stop them earlier. These towers would provide high vantage points from which trained observers could scan sprawling forest areas for signs of smoke. This network became the backbone of the country’s wildfire management strategy.
West Virginia, with its dense forests—particularly the Monongahela National Forest—was included. At its peak, the state had as many as 100 fire towers, 22 of them located in the Mon National Forest. The towers were operated by vigilant lookouts who would spend weeks, sometimes months, in isolation, scanning the horizon. These individuals played a crucial role in protecting the forests and communities from the devastating effects of a breakout blaze.
The life of a lookout was one of remoteness and dedication. The workload intensified during fire season, which generally coincided with the hottest and driest months of the year. They worked seven days a week, unwavering. And their living conditions were spartan. Lookouts carried their own food and water and relied on wood stoves for cooking and warmth. Some towers were equipped with small cabins where they could stay the night, while other posts required them to travel back and forth to nearby accommodations.
Despite the challenges, the published journals and field notes of lookouts show that they also found beauty and solace in their surroundings. The opportunity to witness the sunrise and sunset from their elevated perches, observe the behavior of birds and animals, and connect with the natural world brought them peace and fulfillment. The appeal in their very remoteness is the reason some of the towers still stand today.
With advancements in technology and modern firefighting methods, the need for manned fire towers diminished over time. By the 1970s, the role of fire towers in wildfire detection had for the most part been replaced by aerial surveillance and other technologies. Staffing for the towers was gradually phased out, and many structures were torn down or left to deteriorate—until a new purpose for them was discovered.
See What the Lookouts Saw
Years after tower staffing was discontinued, recognizing the potential of the remaining structures, the state embarked on projects to refurbish and transform the towers into unique destinations. Some have been equipped with observation decks that offer panoramic views of the surrounding forests. Others have been converted into comfortable cabins or lodges, providing one-of-a-kind overnight stays amidst the wilderness.
One of these historical gems is the Olson Fire Tower, the first in West Virginia. It is one of two towers in the Monongahela National Forest still in its original location, situated on Backbone Mountain in Tucker County. The Olson tower can be reached in your vehicle—simply follow Forest Road 717 off U.S. Route 219—but if you’re up for a hike, navigate the forest’s 3-mile Canyon Rim Trail to climb the 133 steps to the top.
The tower’s name comes from one of the early pioneers of the fire tower program, Ernst B. Olson, who dedicated more than 25 years of service to conservation in the Monongahela National Forest. The tower connects the past with the present, offering a glimpse into the early days of wildfire detection and forest conservation.
Replacing the original fire tower, Bickle Knob Observation Tower’s steel structure pairs history with the stunning scenery of the Mon National Forest. Located near Elkins, the tower is easily accessible by car, followed by a short walk from the parking area. The climb to the top rewards visitors with a forested landscape of iconic red spruce and abundant natural life. Nearby trails and the forest itself provide ample opportunities for further exploration.
Initially a fire tower, Hanging Rock Raptor Observatory now attracts bird watchers, especially during raptor migration season in the fall. Its dual history makes it a must-see attraction in Monroe County, a curious blend of history and nature. The site is accessible via a moderate one-mile hike from the parking lot—found just north of Waiteville, off Limestone Hill Road—and nearby attractions include the Appalachian Trail and various local parks.
Experience the Starry Night
In Seneca State Forest, the Thorny Mountain Fire Tower is a distinctive overnight stay. Built in the 1930s by the Civilian Conservation Corps, it is a testament to New Deal–era conservation efforts. After being decommissioned in 1988, the tower sat idle for years until the state embarked on an ambitious restoration project. Over six years, a team of craftsmen replaced the roof, stairs, windows, and catwalk. The result is a beautifully preserved tower that blends seamlessly with its natural surroundings.
Since opening for reservations in 2015, Thorny Mountain Fire Tower has become one of the most sought-after attractions in West Virginia. Visitors come from all over the country to experience the thrill of a night in this iconic tower, said to be the only one available for overnight rental east of the Mississippi River. The cabin at the top is equipped with the most basic accommodations for up to four people, including two cots, a table, and chairs.
While enjoying the 360-degree mountain view, guests will be immersed in a primitive camping experience with the most basic amenities. The pleasures of a campfire, picnic under the tower’s base, and miles of area hiking trails combine to provide a one of a kind experience. “The views are absolutely spectacular—particularly at night. The fire tower is located in a designated Dark Sky park, and is perfect for stargazing,” says WVDNR Deputy Chief of Parks Paul Redford. “We recommend booking at least a year in advance because it has become so popular. It’s the only one that has been completely renovated. It’s an attraction that harkens back to older times.” To book your stay, visit WVstateparks.com/seneca-state-forest-cabins.
The Bald Knob Fire Tower and accompanying cabin in Pocahontas County now serve as a popular destination. Visitors can reach the tower by hiking, mountain biking, riding horseback, or taking a train ride from Cass. The guided horseback ride traverses scenic trails and is a standout fire tower experience. Visitors can enjoy a picnic, gaze upon Spruce Knob and Snowshoe, and learn about the tower’s history from knowledgeable guides. Overnight stays at the refurbished cabin can be arranged, providing a rare opportunity to sleep next to the fire tower and take in the sights at will. Adventure seekers can schedule their stay through Autumn Breeze Stables—visit www.wvtrailrides.com for more information.
The youngest and second-tallest fire tower still standing in Monongahela National Forest is the Red Oak Tower in Webster County. It overlooks the Williams River and Cranberry River watersheds. Plans are underway to restore it similarly to the Thorny Mountain tower and open it for overnight rental—in this case with electricity, an RV pad, and a hookup. Keep an eye out for its opening in 2025!
Ready to be Discovered
The journey to reach West Virginia’s fire towers is as rewarding as the destination. The trek along winding roads through dense forests and alongside serene streams becomes an adventure in its own right, with opportunities to encounter wildlife, discover hidden waterfalls, and immerse oneself in the tranquility of the surroundings.
These cherished landmarks provide another way to experience the state’s history and natural environment—a tangible link to the fire tower lookouts who once stood watch over the wilderness and a reminder of the enduring connection between our people and the land.
By 
